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A federal monarchy is a federation of Country with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or having a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.
In the Eastern Hemisphere, an example is the system of government in India in the 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire, where regional rulers appointed by the emperor headed the regional administration that governed the distant regions of the empire. It was revived in 16th century under the rule of Mughal Empire Emperor Akbar, in which the (other than Delhi) were controlled by appointed by the emperor and the regional kings. The emperor himself supervised the regional rulers and thus personally looked after the welfare of his people.
The concept played a role in political debates in Italy and Austria-Hungary in the nineteenth century and in Yugoslavia in the twentieth century, but it was not put into effect in any of the cases. For example, modern Italy had not unified until Risorgimento of the late 19th century, with the several smaller kingdoms, duchies, republics, etc., each headed by a different dynasty or ruling class, being disestablished in favor of a unitary monarchy under the house of Savoy.
While not officially declared as such, Spain has been referred to as a federal monarchy, due to having many autonomous communities helmed by presidents who all answer to the Spanish crown.Ronald L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. Officially, Spain is a unitary state displaying a high degree of devolution.
Several Communities, regions and language areas constitute the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state with a constitutional monarchy.
| States of Malaysia | 13 states and 3 federal territories | |||
| Emirates of the United Arab Emirates | 7 emirates |
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